The Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement - 1018 Words

The issue of civil rights was a major one throughout the post-Civil War Reconstruction period and remained so throughout the period leading up to the Korean War in the 1960s. The civil rights struggle was caused largely by southern states’ treatment of African Americans. Slavery was a rampant practice in the pre-Civil War south, and even those African Americans who managed to obtain their freedom were not treated as equals to other citizens in the southern states. Free black men did not have the right to vote, own property, marry, or testify against other African Americans. After the Civil War, when slavery was abolished, there was a push for African Americans to gain equal rights to their white counterparts. This civil rights push lasted†¦show more content†¦The Klan effectively dissolved for the first time in 1872, but opposition to the push for civil rights was still strong. In the 1870s, the push for civil liberties took multiple setbacks from the Supreme court, a s the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and the Ku Klux Klan act of 1871 were both invalidated. Democrats also used scare tactics to suppress black voting to deprive Republicans of votes. With the loss of Republican power, blacks found the push for rights even more difficult. The end of World War 1 brought newfound racial tension, particularly in Chicago, where for there was a thirteen-day period in which whites and blacks violently attacked each other. Fifteen whites and twenty-three blacks were killed during the period. Other forms of opposition to the civil rights movement were Jim Crow laws. These laws segregated many public facilities such as schools, streetcars, parks, and even cemeteries. These facilities were variably inferior to those available to whites. Despite extensive opposition, the movement ended up being very successful. The victory that allowed the civil rights movement to form was the South’s loss in the Civil War. With it brought the period known as Reconstruction, which saw multiple victories for civil rights, including landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and constitutional amendments such as the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, which were a hugeShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Civil Rights Movement1383 Words   |  6 Pagesworld (Gandhi). Throughout the American history, the greatest number of people through an awkward to live peacefully. The Civil Right Movement in the United states has been a long, primarily nonviolent attempt to bring full civil rights and justice under the law to all Americans. The movement has sustained a lasting impact on the United States society. Before the civil right movement, the great migration of 1916- 1940, some blacks still lived in the south under the Jim crow, where state laws kept themRead MoreImpact Of The Civil Rights Movement1624 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor social change. Racism was at the core of the civil rights movement, and its effects that led to systematic discrimination experienced by blacks in work, housing and the education system. Black Americans are Americans, but they had subsisted as second class citizens in the only land they knew. The civil rights movement was a political, legal, and social struggle so that African Americans in the United States could become full citizens. This movement was the first and most important as a result ofRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And Its Impact1877 Words   |  8 PagesThe Civil Rights Era is often recognized during its height in the 1950s and 1960s, however the beginning of the Civil Rights Era could be argued to start from slavery to freedom. Once the slaves gained freedom, with the help of Northern whites, they were able to enjoy some of the rights that was once r eserved for whites. These newly found rights are due to the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which demanded universal male, the ratification of the 14th amendment, and guaranteed the citizenship of all naturalRead MoreEssay on The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement883 Words   |  4 PagesThe way Americans lived 80 years ago has a significant impact on our society today. Major work from small-town residents during the 1930s, make it possible for Americans to live as comfortably as they do currently. Civil rights were improved and the fields of technology, science, and medicine soared. Ambitious geniuses were improving such topics, but little did they realize that they were actually shaping future American culture.The important achievements and discoveries made during the 1930s madeRead MoreImpact Of Nonviolence On The Civil Rights Movement912 Words   |  4 PagesNonviolence and It’s Impact on the Civil Rights Movement The success of the fight for racial equality, also known as the Civil Rights Movement, in the United States was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between the 1950s and the 1960s, civil rights activists practiced non violence in hopes to end racial segregation and discrimination across the country and worldwide. Leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., Jim Lawson, and John Lewis believed strongly in this philosophy of nonviolenceRead MorePositive Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement is the movement for equal rights for African-Americans. Throughout the years, people have used their first amendment right the speak freely and to protest. This has lead to change in America. That’s what citizenship is about, when you feel like something should be changed you can do something about. We’ve seen it happen in the past, when people want change, they will either express their opinion by voting for it on the ball ot or do something larger than that like protestingRead MoreWhat Was The Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement was issued to end racial segregation against African Americans and to provide the equal citizenship rights mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. It occurred between 1954 and 1968, especially in the South and was a struggle by African Americans to achieve civil rights equal to whites including equal availability in employment, housing, education, freedom to vote, equal access to public facilities, and free of racial discrimination. Before Civil Rights Movement Act, AfricanRead MoreRosa Parkss Impact On The Civil Rights Movement1248 Words   |  5 Pagesand tensions started to climax during the era of the Civil Rights Movement, this discourse soon meet its challengers. In Montgomery, Alabama, arguably one of the most racist and defiant cities towards the movement of integration, people began to challenge the notion of racial se gregation through a movement known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This movement, which lasted from December of 1955 to December of 1956, helped push the civil rights movement forward and challenge the dominant discourse of whiteRead MoreHistorical Impacts Of The Civil Rights Movement Of The 1960s880 Words   |  4 Pages The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s has one of the most historical impacts of any nation to date. The movements from Martin Luther King, Jr. to the Black Panther Party started with boycotts, sit-ins and non-violent protests in the 1950s, but these were the motions and historical points that started the revolution. In what many others perceived as civil disobedience, the movements were designed to instill the notion, that no man or woman shall be deprived of their freedom of life, liberty andRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And Its Impact On Gender Discrimination Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent if I interviewed a different person. People who are knowl edgeable and open minded would have different way of thinking than those who have limited vision of life. One of things that I have been trying to get answers of, is the Civil Rights Movement and its impact on gender discrimination. Based on my very limited experience and as I know from Gerontology class, my interviewee seems to have a successful aging. Successful aging means more than aging without disease. Rowe and Kahn (1998, p. 38)

The Broadway Musical Essay Example

Essays on The Broadway Musical Essay The paper "The Broadway Musical" is a great example of an essay on visual arts and film studies. The Broadway Musical has been a venue to showcase the most elaborately designed musical shows since 1949. Most shows were based on literary classics which were put to live and viewed by a wider range of audiences, such as the famous Phantom of the Opera, Peter Pan, The Lion King, among others. The Harry Potter series could have the potentials to be made into a musical opera due to its appeal to the audience, especially the young generation, and the diversely interesting plots contained therein. One of my most favorite Broadway Musical is Miss Saigon, shown in 1991 about the story of an American soldier, Chris (Jonathan Pryce) who married a Vietnamese, Kim (Lea Salonga) but had to go back to the United States. He eventually married an American and forgot about Kim. The story evolved as Chris found out that Kim is still alive and taking care of their son in Saigon in the middle of a war. The talent and commitment of the singers enabled them to garner the Tony Awards for Best Actor and Best Actress awards in a Musical. The show was just magnificent and memorable.Other than entertaining, the Broadway Musical highlights the best performers in the field of music and acknowledges them through awards and merits that make them known the whole world over. In this regard, the West Side Story became one of the most successful Broadway shows of all time due to the beautiful and timelessness of the songs in the play, coupled with innovative dances, and the timelessness of the message: be ing an adaptation of the famous Romeo and Juliet. Audiences from generation to generation continue to be inspired by the songs sung in this Broadway Musical and have transformed the lives of many through the expression of various emotions depicted in West Side Story. There is this feeling of elation and extreme joy as the audience gets the chance to see any of the Broadway Musicals since the inception until contemporary times.

Opinion Paper Scientists and Researchers

Question: Discuss about theOpinion Paperfor Scientists and Researchers. Answer: Over the last decade, scientists and researchers have been concerned about the future of bees, as this natural pollinator is gradually facing extinction. The crisis has drawn the attention of environmentalists and researchers, and though some strategic steps have been taken up for addressing this issues, a substantial body of debate remains regarding the causes and costs of the issue (Potts et al., 2016). Extinction of bees is a rising ecological and economic concern. The main reason for the increasing extinction is a lack of awareness among the common people and fewer initiatives taken up by the concerned authorities to reform policies to save these natural bio-indicators. Bees are valuable for their pollination services for 400 agricultural plants, producing honey, and beautifying the earth and without them, the world would be a different place to live in (Atkins Atkins, 2016). In my opinion, there is an urgent need extensive research that can highlight the exact ways by which bees can be preserved. Research in the area is still lacking a strong support from the government sector. The issue is widespread, and collaboration of different levels would help solve the issue. The serious threat to the presence of bees can be solved through some very important steps like regulation of the use of pesticides, prevention of widespread landscaping and installation of buffer zones around areas of agricultural activities. References Atkins, J., Atkins, B. (2016). An integrated approach to bee decline.The Business of Bees: An Integrated Approach to Bee Decline and Corporate Responsibility, 331. Potts, S. G., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V., Ngo, H. T., Aizen, M. A., Biesmeijer, J. C., Breeze, T. D., ... Vanbergen, A. J. (2016). Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being.Nature,540(7632), 220-229.

Starbucks vs. Tim Hortons

Debates about coffee exist since Hortons and Starbucks, the two major coffee joints, were launched. Both Hortons and Starbucks have some similar features and the common feature is that they both serve coffee and donuts. Hortons and Starbucks serve more coffee than any other product.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks vs. Tim Hortons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Certainly, Starbucks is much more famous than Tim Hortons since it provides quality products, free internet access, and various samples for its customers to try. It has popularized itself in social networks such as Facebook and Twitter (Walsh, 2010). Starbucks is using different approaches to cope with current competitive settings and provides quality products which satisfy its customers. Services of Starbucks and Hortons Starbucks provides quality products which most customers have appreciated despite their prices. Customers who sign up for Sta rbucks become members of Starbucks rewards, their balances are protected if their cards are stolen or misplaced, and obtain gifts on their birthdays. These are not the only benefits customers receive from Starbucks which have made it more popular than Hortons. Starbucks has made history by becoming the first company to obtain ten million fans on Facebook, social networking site. They are ahead of Coca-Cola by more than three million fans. Starbucks has participated in supporting organization like Starbucks China Education Project and China Soong Ching Ling Foundation. They donated US$6.75 million to support projects intended at supporting teachers and children in rural regions of China (QSR, 2012). Starbucks also donated US$800,000 to the China Women Development Foundation that was initiated to help projects which are intended at supporting Chinese women receive access to essential services like safe drinking water (QSR, 2012). Prices One thing which mostly differentiates the two is their prices, where Hortons is much cheaper than Starbucks. Tim Hortons is less expensive and favors workers coming from small businesses. Most people consider that Hortons is involved in unfair trade and this makes their products cheaper than Starbucks. Farmers who sell their products to Hortons are paid low prices. However, Starbucks ensure that these farmers are paid correct amount of money for their products they supply to Starbucks. Most people consider that Starbucks provide quality products to their customers compared to Hortons.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Starbucks alters their drinks precisely the way they want it, while Hortons often add flavor substances to their drinks to increase taste and reduce extra expenses (Barnea, 2011). Although Tim Hortons is a fastest developing coffee joint in Canada and United States, Starbucks is also catching up due to their q uality products it offers to its customers. Most companies and businesses are going green in this competitive environment. Starbucks offers environmental friendly products. It provides sleeves to put on coffee cups to prevent hands from burning and sleeves are manufactured from 60 percent consumer fiber. Even their coffee cups are manufactured from recycled papers that make their products eco-friendly. Hortons does not provide these sleeves and their cups are doubled. They are not manufactured from consumer fibers or recycled papers to prevent hands from burning. Strategies of Starbucks Starbucks has opened more branches than Hortons. The key motivation which pushes Starbucks to launch more branches globally is to obtain access to bigger markets. It benefits from various associations and joint ventures to develop its market control overseas. It has opened more branches outside Canada and United States that have been developed by its aim of becoming environmental leader in all aspect s of their business. Starbucks intends to manage a business that possesses quality standards and is beyond reproach in the domestic and international business market. Starbucks expanded its business internationally to increase its market limit and carry on to develop its business. Starbucks has opened branches in 43 countries due to its target of keeping a better and stronger market (Walsh, 2010). All countries which Starbucks has opened branches have their own practices and cultural differences. Starbucks uses associations and joint ventures to help ease some of the difficulties of growing overseas. There are around 750 stores which have been opened in Japan and these were made possible by joint ventures with Japanese companies which permitted it to achieve cultural understanding (Walsh, 2010). Starbucks has been working to provide a range of essential products, but it is not limiting itself in new products either. It works to make new products for various geographic regions due to the conflicting cultural experiences which match them. Starbucks is eager to respond to various conflicting cultural and environmental factors and due to that, it has been equipped to develop radically as a company since its started initially in a small store in Seattle. Conclusion Both Starbucks and Hortons are well-known companies in several countries. They have their own strategies which make their customers keep on coming to buy their products. Starbucks is much more famous than Hortons because of its quality products. However, more employees from small businesses visit frequently Hortons to have cheaper and affordable coffee and other products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks vs. Tim Hortons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prices at Starbucks are almost double the prices of products in Hortons, but most customers consider that their products are high quality than Hortons. Starbucks has expanded into international market using different strategies to attain its target and prevent all challenges which are experienced in different cultures abroad. References Barnea, A. (2011). Lack of peripheral vision: How Starbucks failed in Israel. African Journal of Marketing Management , 3(4): 78-88. QSR. (2012). Starbucks to Support Rural Education in China. Web. Walsh, M. (2010). Starbucks Tops 10 Million Facebook Fans. Retrieved from https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/132008/ This essay on Starbucks vs. Tim Hortons was written and submitted by user Harley S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Future Economy essays

The Future Economy essays Imagine yourself living the dream of being an entrepreneur. You are a business man of the 21st century; you have a popular product that many firms want to purchase. You feel financially secure with your future because of the amount of buyers for your product. Then 5 years go bye, and the once abundant number of firms has dwindled down to a couple of major corporations. You try to think to yourself how did this happen? You then realize that all the little companies that fought for your business, and helped you get the highest capital are gone. They were acquired by or merged with larger firms. You know that when this happens the market gets smaller and there are less people to buy your product. With fewer options of companies to sell your product to, comes a smaller amount of profit for you. Two more years go bye and the market gets more concentrated, the remaining giants can now offer you any price they want. If you choose not to accept it, you dont sell your product. Your dreams of being your own boss and selling a quality product for a fair price are fading away. Some people may think that this story couldnt happen, but mergers and acquisitions take place everyday in the corporate world. This story that I just told you about is real. Instead of being about business men of the 21st century my article was about the beef cattle farmers of southwestern Wisconsin. The article talks about Virginia-based Smithfield foods, acquired American Foods Group and Packerland Holdings Co. Smithfield is the nations largest pork processor; they have a 20% market share. Besides the two recent acquisitions Smithfield also has ownership of Cudahy-based Patrick Cudahy Inc. As a result of this Smithfield will now be the nations forth-largest beef processor, with a 9% market share. Smithfields merger is part of an overall consolidation among the nations larger food processors, which include...

5 Tips on How to Run a Writing Group

5 Tips on How to Run a Writing Group 5 Tips on How to Run a Writing Group 5 Tips on How to Run a Writing Group By Mark Nichol You’ve got your writing group up and running. All the hard work’s over, right? Wrong. Just like any smooth-running machine, a writing group requires maintenance. Here are some tips for tender, loving care: 1. Construct Criticism Model proactive and up-front critiquing etiquette. Advise everyone to start positive with a compliment, then offer honest but objective, well-supported, and practical advice, and then conclude with another commendation. Continuously reinforce the message that no one is served when criticism is withheld; only focused, writing-centered (not writer-centered) commentary will help the writer grow. 2. Vary the Routine Some people might be ready to email a writing sample a week ahead of time to give others a chance to read and critique before the next meeting. Those selections don’t need to be read aloud before the group; you can go straight to discussion. (Hand the writer an annotated hard copy or return by email, with inserted notes, the file they sent you.) Others can pass around copies of a cold read and read it aloud while others jot down notes, then go to discussion. Yet others might simply read a shorter passage for a moment’s worth of specific advice, ask a few general questions without reading at all, or pass altogether that week, participating only in discussion about others’ work. (You may not have time to go over every group member’s project at each meeting anyway.) But don’t let any one member get away with following the same routine every time. Suggest a writing session every now and then: Everybody comes to the meeting, writes for an hour, then convenes to take turns reading part or all of their resulting selection for five minutes and getting one minute of feedback from each member. 3. Do Your Homework Establish expectations for criticism: When you read the writing of other group members, take notes, writing down questions, suggestions, and compliments. Be specific when you critique, praising a vivid description in particular or recommending more character development with detailed advice. Focus, however, not on telling others what to do but on asking questions to help them decide what to do. If you don’t understand something, or you feel that details are lacking, ask for an explanation or background information. Then, gently advise the author to incorporate their response into the narrative. Your homework also involves setting your ego aside and acting on others’ critiques. What’s the use of investing so much time and energy in this process if you don’t take feedback to heart? 4. Take a Break At regular intervals, step back from the critiquing cycle to meet just to advise or brainstorm about how to organize notes, do research, or work on character, plot, tone, and so on. Several times a year, go to a book reading together, or watch a movie or a play together and, for homework, draft a â€Å"novelization† or a rewrite of a scene and bring it to the next meeting. Compile a list of prompts for when members hit the wall. 5. Check In Periodically evaluate how the group is going. Are your meetings too often, not often enough, or just right? Too long, not long enough, or ideal? Is someone missing too many meetings or wallflowering, or does one person dominate them? Is everybody getting what they want out of the experience? What’s the procedure when somebody’s not fitting in? What do you do when one or more members drop out, or one or more members feel like increasing the number of people in the group? How do you recruit, and how do you decide whether to accept candidates? Establish and review your membership policies. Above all, remember that although the group is a democratic body that should operate by consensus, you, as the founder, must continue to moderate the proceedings and nudge everyone to always honor its principles and purposes. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsForming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

How the images of refugees framed in the media will influence people's Literature review

How the images of refugees framed in the media will influence people's sympathy and per ception on refugees - Literature review Example This essay aims to conduct a study, which explore the relationship between how a person feels refugees and the images of refugees framed in the mass media. In order to examine the research question: what is the influence of images of refugees framed in the mass media images on people’s perception, the essay would expect to organize a group experiment. According to FADIMAN, (2012, p. 54), the human nature dictates that humanity is an intrinsic feature that every human being has. This intrinsic feature is dependent in certain humanitarian standards and in feelings that must be accumulated within the body of a human being. For instance, pain is one of the intrinsic characteristics that depict a human being. Humanity is fearful to pain and suffering. Refugees are people considered to be facing intermediate imbalance in their capability to access the humanitarian requirements and standards for living. This is why in most cases, their mention signifies suffering, death, lack of everything that helps keep life, and total failure in knowledge and understanding of a certain body that resulted in them. Refugee camps are characterized with human suffering captions. People face little chance of survival, yet in most cases, they survive with intriguing human feelings. The media is a channel through which several human intentions are perceived and delivered. For instance, it would take an easy stature for media personnel to convince a group of people offer the sufferings found in the refugee camps. With the intrinsic human nature founded in people, it becomes an easy and even unthinkable task to offer help to people facing such refugee challenges (HOUTMAN- DE SMEDT 2005, p. 56). Challenges are common in every society. Nonetheless, the ones faced by refugees appear to touch the innate feelings of many people in the world. The mass media images exploit on the fact that challenges and sufferings being faced by

Term paper-ceramics Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

-ceramics - Term Paper Example The input of ceramic materials to automobile technologies ranges over driving performance, fuel efficiency and exhaust gas purification. A number of ceramic parts, such as knock sensors, oxygen sensors, exhaust gas catalysts, and silicon nitride components for automotive engines, have been well utilized to automobiles. Ceramics revolution is not just confined to the automotive industry- producers in aerospace, defense, medical and telecommunication firms are also progressively utilizing ceramic alternatives. The material is fast becoming to be much known for its application in earthenware and pottery and more for the opportunities it creates in the production of goods necessary in our daily lives. This paper will examine the contribution of the ceramics to advances in automotive technologies. It will also try to explore the possible contributions of ceramics in the future such as ceramic gas turbines, adiabatic turbo-compound diesels, electric vehicles and fuel cells due to advances in ceramic technologies. Ceramics is an inert composite containing a metal and a non metal or several non metals. These materials have several properties that identify them. For instance, they are delicate thus easily broken, elastic, quite hard, and need high melting temperatures. They are also electrical, act as thermal insulators and have a high chemical stability. Examples of ceramics include silica (an ingredient used in glass products and contains silicon dioxide), alumina (used in abrasives and contains aluminum oxide) and complex compounds that contain hydrous aluminum silicate used mostly in clay products. Ceramic products are clay in form of bricks, cement used for construction, intractable ceramics that can withstand high temperatures like furnaces used in factories, glass and glass fibers, abrasives, and white ware products. Ceramics are divided in three categories: Traditional ceramics, new ceramics and glass. Ceramics are stronger than metals thus are

Myki Project Boundary Essay Example for Free

Myki Project Boundary Essay Changes to the boundaries occurred during the development of MYKI project: * More than 350 changes were made to the specifications by the TTA, increasing the complexity, time and cost of the project. * Example of alteration made during development phase is the removal of city saver fare option that has been applied in Metcard system. * Change in relationship/management issues between TTA, vendor and sub-contractors. The continuous modifications of the project specifications and outcomes were mainly caused by the project’s ambiguous initial contractual precedence and specifications, such as the consideration of which necessities are within or outside the contractual boundaries, leading to disagreement on priorities and costs in later phases of the project. The impact of undefined boundaries and constant amendments to the contracts and requirements: Project Delay Initially, the MYKI project was scheduled to be completed in July 2007, but full operation has been behind the schedule by approximately 5 years * The optimistic 2-year deadline could not be achieved due to subsequent changes carried out by TTA to the original scope of the project, causing technical difficulties to re-surface and complexity to increase. Internal Audit was conducted in 2010 to evaluate whether MYKI project is still worth pursuing after the long overdue, indicating the government’s loss of trust to the project and vendor. As the results of the audit shows that cost of scraping MYKI will be higher than completing it, the Government decided to continue the project. Over Budgeting * The overall cost has increased by 35% from initial estimation of $999 million to $ 1. 35 million. * It is forecasted that additional cost is required for project completion and complete replacement of Metcard. * $ 50 million cost will be required annually to keep operating the MYKI system. * As the delay was prolonged, Metcard must be kept in operation for a longer period of time, requiring additional operating cost, which was accounted in the MYKI project funding. The funding of a project is an important part of project boundaries and significant over-budgeting by at least 35% indicated the breach of the set boundaries Fractured relationship between TTA and Kamco The relationship between TTA and Kamco has worsened due to the inability to meet deadlines and continuous amendments to the project’s requirements. Mistrust was developed, as more deliverables and contractual obligations were not achieved. However, the vendor cannot receive all the blame because TTA also kept changing the specifications and targets. Preventing Breach of Boundary  The main problem is that TTA selected vendor that has limited experience in developing smart card ticketing system. Kamco, as the project vendor, followed the correct procedure of agreeing and committing to all changes made by TAA throughout the project. However, it will be difficult for a company Kamco to come up with the most effective method to resolve any modifications to the contracts due to their limited experience and knowledge in this project type. Their ways to tackle these issues may be inefficient, leading to excessive use of their budget. TTA should realises this and must ensure that the initial project boundaries and scope is well defined, preventing any major change during the development phase. TTA should have given the project to proven and experienced vendor because MYKI itself is a new and unproven project that requires innovative and effective problem solving skill through experience in this type of project. The thought that the vendor can learn as they are conducting the project entails high risks which can lead to possible over-budget and delays. On the other hand, the vendor must also be able to refuse any changes made to the initial contractual agreements. They should be able to say â€Å"no† to any amendments during the negotiation as these may risk the project itself. Kamco neglected one of their role to refuse any agreement that may risk the project and ruin their future reputation. The project manager should take his role in convincing the project authority, TTA, that any changes would delay the projects and consult the best solution to meet the most of TTA’s expectations without significantly increasing the cost and time of the project. In this MYKI project, communication issue has also been one of the factors that caused boundary breach.

Women Travel Writers :: Gender Femininity Literature Essays

Women Travel Writers After my own presentation, I wanted to dig a little deeper and see how women travel writers were representing nature in the 18th century. I wondered if the women's descriptions differed far from the men that I studied in my presentation. I want to focus on Dorothy Wordsworth (William's sister), Ann Radcliffe and Helen Maria Williams. I'm curious to know if they were guilty of over-representing women in landscape and nature scenes. At the very end, I'll put in my two cents about the gendering of Nature. First of all, Dorothy Wordsworth traveled with her brother a lot in the early 1800's; during this time she kept a journal and wrote, in rich details, about the landscape. Although she wrote predominately with a picturesque tone, she made an effort to pay attention to the sharp, jarring contrasts in nature, like crags, rough edges, and precipices. William Snyder's essay "Mother Nature's Other Natures: Landscape in Women's Writing, 1770-1830" suggests that it was Dorothy's intention to use the paradoxes in nature to focus on Nature's contrast. Snyder's source for his theory comes from his close readings of Dorothy's journals; he explains that her language and vocabulary are picturesque, but that she "presents Nature in need of care" (146). Snyder infers that for Dorothy, "maternal care flows out from the human heart, not to it from above or beyond" (146). Snyder comments that Dorothy made a point of highlighting the irregularities in nature and draws her inspiration on the irony of ord ered chaos. Snyder concludes that Dorothy likens Nature to a dress-maker, the "female as pattern-maker" (148). He suggests that she places emphasis on what "the hands, not the breasts, do" (148). Snyder also points out that Dorothy usually referred to Nature with "the impersonal pronoun 'it,' and not with 'she' or 'her'" (147); Snyder believes that Dorothy deliberately "overlooks possibilities for maternal symbolism or personification" (147). Dorothy does not view maternality with fertility and bounty, but with "protection and intimacy" (148). However, she does use the feminine pronoun in some of her works, but Snyder explains that "she," the metaphoric woman, is a "craftsperson, not a mother" (147). Unfortunately Snyder's argument does not convince me; how can Nature be a "pattern-maker" while being in need of care? I think the image of "pattern-maker" indicates originality and creativity, Nature as innovative and refreshing, not Nature in need of help, as Snyder indicates early in his argument.

John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress

Bunyan’s ‘Pilgrim’s Progress’ is considered one of most famous allegorical novels in English Literature. The story is about Christian’s spiritual journey going through various phases of temptations and trials. Published in 1678, The Pilgrim’s Progress is an inspirational aid for applying an evangelical view of Protestant Biblical to the trials in life.The value of The Pilgrim's Progress to the Puritans is extremely effective aid to applying an evangelical view of Protestant Biblical theology to the trials faced in human’s life portrayed effectively through various images and allegorical characters. Through its images, allegorical characters (Christian, Evangelist, Help, etc), and allegorical places (â€Å"City of Destruction† = earth, â€Å"Celestial City† = heaven, â€Å"Tophet† = hell) Pilgrim’s Progress Bunyan effectively show readers about spiritual journey in Christianity.Allegories are very popular rega rding that they are the simplest way to educate to and to confirm people’s belief system. An allegory is designed to illustrate a coherent doctrine, which exists outside the fiction. The important matters in allegory is not the adequacy, coherence, or consistency of the doctrine which is being illustrated in the story, however, it is how the words deals with the belief system.Everything in the story bears the point of reference to more specific aspect of the controlling doctrine, which the fiction is illustrating. Allegories do tend to be philosophical, also has its nature of affecting readers psychologically, and Bunyan has succeeded using this convenience to help the readers understanding the spiritual gloom. His success can be measured by its part of metaphorical personifications, which have entered the public vocabulary, as he used these encounters: Slough of Despond, Apollyon, Giant Despair, and Ignorance.Thus we can conclude that Bunyan has been triumphant in playing wi th images and allegory through out the novel effectively. Reference: Henri Talon, John Bunyan: The Man and His Works . Harvard University Press, 1951. Robert G. Collmer, Bunyan in Our Time . Kent State University Press, 1989. Vera Brittain;, Valiant Pilgrim: The Story of John Bunyan and Puritan England . Macmillan, 1950. Galen K. Johnson, â€Å"The Portable Bunyan: A Transnational History of the Pilgrim's Progress . † Christianity and Literature, (2005):

Developmental Competencies And Challenges For Late Adulthood

IntroductionLate adulthood is the term describing the period in an individual’s life beginning at ages sixty or seventy and ending in death. This life period is one of continuing change and adjustment in physical and psychological realms.Major concepts and distinctive features of various social rolesSocializationThe family is the first social institution for the children. They are taught how to fit into the community and the various social institutions. The children learn the society’s social values and culture. This in the long run helps in creating a cultural identity for the children (Russell, 2004).EducationChildren start their education the moment they are born. This includes both formal and informal. They are taught basic survival skills such as speech, interaction and hygiene. They later proceed to formal schools where they expand their knowledge on a wide variety of areas which later ends up in career specialization.DisciplineThe child is taught respect, and per forming of household chores. This helps them to grow into mature and responsible adults. Discipline should be taught with compassion, reason and patience without argument, yelling and spanking. The parents should learn to respect the children’s growing independence in order to build self esteem.ProtectionThe family offers protection and security to the children. They should be made to feel safe both within the home and without. They should be protected from any form of physical or psychological abuse.ClothingClothing is one of the basic needs that the family provides alongside food and shelter. Children should be provided with adequate and the right clothing depending on the environment.Nutrition and food securityIt is the responsibility of the family to provide nutritional requirements for the children. They should always ensure that the meals are balanced and meet the various needs of the children.ShelterThe family provides a warm and secure place for the children’s development. It should protect the children from any harsh environmental conditions that may affect their development.Emotional stabilityThe family should satisfy the child’s emotional needs thus enhancing their emotional stability. The parents and children should become friends. The parents should create an atmosphere where the children can confide in them.HealthThe family should ensure the children are healthy through proper nutrition and medication.Contribution and influence of social roles and how they influence individuals and families in the situationIn our case study, the social roles above are not adequately met due to various inadequacies on the part of the grandparents.The grandchildren’s socialization needs were not fully met. The grandparents generally had little interest in developing the children into a whole person. There was distance between them mainly due to the generation gap.There grandchildren’s education was also inhibited. This is because the grandparents did not value formal education so much since they did not have any of it themselves. They had limited resources since they are not working. They were therefore unable to give their grandchildren good quality education.The grandparents were found to be lax in terms of instilling discipline in their grandchildren. They did not have the necessary energy to follow up on their grandchildren’s activities.The grandparents were frail and sickly and could not offer enough protection to their grandchildren. There were various cases of attacks on their homestead.Clothing is one of the basic needs that the family provides alongside food and shelter. This was mainly due to financial constraints since the grandparents weFood and nutrition needs of the grandchildren were not adequately taken care of due to limited resources of the grandchildren. They were also not very keen to ensure a balanced diet.The grandchildren’s medical needs were not given to their due seriou sness since the grandparents had to take care of their own.The large age difference made it hard for the grandchildren and the grandparents to form a bond necessary in a normal family setting. The grandchildren could therefore not confide in their grandparents and share their emotional needs (Gilbert and Kristin, 2005)ReferencesRussell, R. (2004). Social Networks Among Elderly Men Caregivers; Journal of Men’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Studies 13(1): 121Gilbert, R. & Kristin C. (2005): When Strength Can’t Last a Lifetime: Vocational Challenges of Male Workers in Early and Middle Adulthood. Men and Masculinities, 7(4), April, pp. 424-433.Spector-Mersel, G. (2006). Never-aging Stories: Western Hegemonic Masculinity Scripts. Journal of Gender Studies, Volume 15, Number 1, March, pp. 67-82.

Free Essays on Development Of Technology To Increase Human Beings Welfare And Prosperty

"Welfare and Prosperity of human beings!" These two things are among the most important thing man tries to achieve these days. He tries many ways and methods to be able to achieve them. One of these methods is Technology. He tries to invent new things to make life easier for him. Technology spreads and develops in life to increase humans' welfare and prosperity by many different ways and sorts starting by the invention of the computers, then the technological revolution and ending by the invention of robots. The beginning of technology started in the twentieth century. It started by inventing the first computer. It was huge in size; it was about the size of two tennis courts. People used large generators in order to make it operate properly in addition to a huge cooling system to decrease its temperature, as it used to release huge amount of heat energy the could damage its components. The first computer invented was very huge and slow compared to nowadays computers that are very fast and could make millions of operations in few seconds and much smaller than the first one, in the size of a small notebook even a hand. The first computer was considered to be a great invention and it opened the door for new inventions and development of computer in humans' life. After that great development occurred. Scientist tried to achieve and find new methods so that they could make it easier for people to use the computers. They developed many new things and invented new computers with more ca pabilities, its size have decreased greatly and it uses normal power supply to operate. Also it became easier for everyone to use it. After these achievements and developments. A great progress occurred in life nowadays. This progress leads to the Technological Revolution. All sorts of life use technology. The progress is very fast and is increasing rapidly. A new invention is found everyday. If a computer was invented which is ... Free Essays on Development Of Technology To Increase Human Beings Welfare And Prosperty Free Essays on Development Of Technology To Increase Human Beings Welfare And Prosperty "Welfare and Prosperity of human beings!" These two things are among the most important thing man tries to achieve these days. He tries many ways and methods to be able to achieve them. One of these methods is Technology. He tries to invent new things to make life easier for him. Technology spreads and develops in life to increase humans' welfare and prosperity by many different ways and sorts starting by the invention of the computers, then the technological revolution and ending by the invention of robots. The beginning of technology started in the twentieth century. It started by inventing the first computer. It was huge in size; it was about the size of two tennis courts. People used large generators in order to make it operate properly in addition to a huge cooling system to decrease its temperature, as it used to release huge amount of heat energy the could damage its components. The first computer invented was very huge and slow compared to nowadays computers that are very fast and could make millions of operations in few seconds and much smaller than the first one, in the size of a small notebook even a hand. The first computer was considered to be a great invention and it opened the door for new inventions and development of computer in humans' life. After that great development occurred. Scientist tried to achieve and find new methods so that they could make it easier for people to use the computers. They developed many new things and invented new computers with more ca pabilities, its size have decreased greatly and it uses normal power supply to operate. Also it became easier for everyone to use it. After these achievements and developments. A great progress occurred in life nowadays. This progress leads to the Technological Revolution. All sorts of life use technology. The progress is very fast and is increasing rapidly. A new invention is found everyday. If a computer was invented which is ...

Informative Essay Writing

Informative Essay Writing Informative Essay Writing Informative Essay Writing: How to Deal with Informative essay writing is a kind of writing, which aims to inform a reader about some specific matter with which he or she is not acquainted yet. While writing your informative essays you have to remember that your task is just to inform the readers objectively about some matter, without evaluating it or without inserting your own point of view at the subject. You have to be impartial during your informative essay writing: Writing Good Informative Essay In order to write good informative essays you have to ask yourself five journalistic questions before any word of informative essay writing. These journalistic questions help you to look at the problem from all the possible angles and to reveal the topic for 100 percent. If you are not acquainted with these journalistic questions, it is a high time for you to correct this mistake. Thus, the journalistic questions are as follow: Who? What? When? Where? Why? If you answer to all of them in your informative essay writing, you will manage to write excellent informative essays. Make these very journalistic questions to be a structure for your informative essay writing and you will present informative essays, which meet all the requirements from them and get the highest grade for your labour. Educate Your Readers Through Informative Essay While being engaged into informative essay writing, do not forget that your mission is to educate your readers somehow by presenting some interesting facts. That is why while dealing with the topic in your informative essay writing, remember that far not everyone is already acquainted with the matter of your informative essays. Try to explain the whole deepness of problem you are dealing with in your informative essay writing, before going into details and specifications in order the readers to be able to understand everything you write. Key Points To Include These are the main points your informative essay writing should reveal, do not neglect any of them as they will really help you to achieve a great result in your informative essay writing: explain something the majority of readers are not acquainted with; include the latest approaches to the topic you are dealing with in your informative essay writing; present all the existing approaches at the subject; present the problem of informative essays in general and after that fall into details; present several opposing points of view; cause-effect relations should be also analyzed within your informative essay writing. teach your audience how to use the knowledge it has received from you informative essay writing. Read more: Editing Essay Service Deforestation Essay Professional Editing Service Essay Example on Cause of Crime Stress Management Essay

Senges Five Disciplines and Their Applications Research Paper

Senges Five Disciplines and Their Applications - Research Paper Example The Senger’s five disciplines are identified elements of a learning organization. It consists of â€Å"personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, team learning, and systems thinking† (Bente, 2001, p. 2). The elements form a set that was developed to facilitate learning in an organization by developing knowledge of people’s environments and strategies for future adaptabilities. Personal mastery, as a discipline, refers to an individual’s knowledge potential. It includes a person’s ability to focus, personal potentials, and attributes towards environmental awareness. It, therefore, defines micro components of an organization that cannot separately initiate or sustain organizational change but is essential towards such changes as learning. The personal mastery, for example, helps an individual to identify the need for learning and promotes a learning spirit in an organization. The shared vision is another of the Senge’s disciplines that def ine a common perspective of members of a group or a team in an organization. Such a perspective is derived from individuals perspectives that are converged to a common plan for a future development (Bente, 2001). Team learning, however, defines a process of ensuring symmetry of potentials within a team towards desired achievements. It, therefore, involves an integration of personal mastery and the developed common vision in order to crown learning in an entire organization and identifies communication for sharing knowledge and potentials that are developed at personal levels. Mental models are another set of elements that are fundamental to a learning organization. The models consist of theories and postulates that influence learning at individual levels. Consequently, they develop frameworks upon which learning can take place. The last component of the Senge’s five disciplines is the systems thinking that observes an organization as a system of distinct parts that operate in terdependently for overall results. System thinking, therefore, relates the other four elements for an all-inclusive learning in an organization through development and implementation of changes towards future adaptability. The five disciplines, therefore, work together to identify learning opportunities at individual levels, development of a common vision among members of an organization and incorporation of such developments towards an organizational approach to learning (Bente, 2001). Senge’s five disciplines and characteristics of a learning organization A learning organization, according to Robert, is a framework that is based on â€Å"systems theory† (Robert, 2012, p. 2). This identifies the systems thinking the discipline of the Senge’s model as its fundamental concept. The property of system’s thinking that links other disciplines of the Senge’s model, therefore, identifies the significance of his approach as the basis of a learning organiz ation. Robert’s idea of qualities of a learning organization also illustrates the relevance of the five disciplines an organization. The first characteristic of a learning organization is availability means for knowledge development. This may happen at individual level such as an innovative environment or at an organizational level. While at an individual level, learning opportunities correspond to the personal mastery discipline.

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Security - Essay Example The network also makes it possible to share resources like printers and hard drives. This therefore reduces costs for of having to buy these resources. Proposed client-tier architecture The application architecture that I better and promises better security is that of 3-tier architecture. In this aspect the server will be installed in a data center with the server of the server program. Three-tier architecture has various layers with various functions. 3-tier architecture. The 3-tier client/server architecture was introduced to eradicate the problems that were associated with 2-tier architecture. With this architecture, a middleware lies between the server and the client. They are implemented in several ways, which include implementation as a message server, or application server or processing monitors. The functions of the middleware are queuing, execution of applications, staging of the databases, and prioritization for work in progress (Wegner, & Peter, 2007). This architecture im proves performance when the number of users is increased. It has the advantage of flexibility when compared to 2-tier architecture. One of the downsides of this architecture is the fact that the development is more complex than that of 2-tier applications. There are two types of 3-tier architectures 3-tier with message server In this type of 3-tier architecture, the messages are processed and prioritized asynchronously. This is done in such a way that the messages have a header which contains priority information, address and identification number. The message server provides a link to the relational database management system and other sources of data. Messaging systems are good alternatives to wireless infrastructures (Gorit, Dreoh, & Jeri, 2006). This architecture allows the main body of an application to run on a shared host instead on running on the his machine which is already overloaded due to its minimal resources (Rabaugh et al, 2001). The application server shares the sect ions of the business logic, computational and data retrieval engine. The good thing about this architecture is the fact that applications are scalable compared to 3-tier with message server. Furthermore, the installation costs are less on a single server compared to a situation where maintenance is done on each of the client machines. In the payroll program, the users will be configured so that they can access the server which is installed in a central location. The reason why I prefer this architecture is that one application program will be acquired and the rest will be in the server machine. It will be cheaper. The cost will be reduced in terms of purchasing the software that will be installed. This is because in this case one application software will be purchased which will be installed in the server. Given the many users who are going to use the program, it will mean that the applications would be bought for every user who will be required to use the payroll program. Another c ause for reduction of cost is that of maintenance. With this architecture, there will be maintenance of the server machine only. Maintaining one application is easier and cheaper in terms of expertise who will undertake the maintenance (Orfali, Dan, & Jeri, 2006). How to prevent interception There are mitigation strategies that are used to eradicate the risks that are associated with interception attacks. For spoofing and ARP poisoning, one way on which this can be mitigated is by using IP addresses which are static. Also the network administrator should make use of ARP

How Facebook Has Destroyed Privacy Boundaries Essay

How Facebook Has Destroyed Privacy Boundaries - Essay Example The website has come under the limelight time and again. Previously it was in the limelight as a business model for innovation and hallmark breakthroughs but in recent times it has been scrutinized for breaches of privacy. The various forms of breach of privacy have been recognized and investigated and are confirmed phenomenon leaving little to doubt them anymore (Iachello and Hong). Some breaches of privacy are caused due to users overlooking fine print details while other breaches of privacy occur due to online surveillance. In addition to everything else, certain forms of breach of privacy occur due to the inherent design of social networking platforms. This paper will focus on the various forms of breach of privacy that have resulted from the use of Facebook whether these breaches were intentional or otherwise. Furthermore, the consequences of these breaches will be looked into in detail to gauge their effects on ordinary people. Another major factor that limits the amount of inf ormation carried by human beings is the limit on information delivered at any one point in time through conversations. It would be unrealistic to assume that a person could convey all kinds of personal and family information to another in one meeting alone. However, this situation is totally reversed when using computing platforms to interact. People who use social networking websites such as Facebook will realize that a large amount of information has to be divulged in order to sign up for such services.  

Usefulness Of Maxima And Minima Of Functions Engineering Essay

Usefulness Of Maxima And Minima Of Functions Engineering Essay The mathematical concept of a function expresses the intuitive idea that one quantity(input) completely determines another quantity (output). A function assigns a unique value or output to each input of a specified type. The argument and the value may be real numbers, but they can also be elements from any given sets: the domain and the co-domain of the function. Whenever a relationship exists between two variables (or quantities) such that for every value of the first, there is only one corresponding value of the second, then we say:The second variable is a function of the first variable. The first variable is the independent variable (usually x), and the second variable is the dependent variable (usually y). The independent variable and the dependent variable are real numbers. The term function is just a type of operator which transforms the given input to output according to the given conditions. This operator relates two or more quantities to each other, the quantities are known as variables. Out of total variables only one is independent and all other are dependent on that variable. One precise definition of a function is that it consists of an ordered triple of sets, which may be written as (X, Y, F). X is the domain of the function, Y is the co-domain, and F is a set of ordered pairs. In each of these ordered pairs (a, b), the first element a is from the domain, the second element b is from the co-domain, and every element in the domain is the first element in one and only one ordered pair. The set of all b is known as the image of the function. Some authors use the term range to mean the image, others to mean the co-domain. The notation Æ’:Xà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Y indicates that Æ’ is a function with domain X and co-domain Y. (Domain implies input whereas range or co-domain implies output.) In most practical situations, the domain and co-domain are understood from context, and only the relationship between the input and output is given. Thus is usually written as Here the two variables are x and y out of which x is independent and y is dependent on x. From the other side if we consider y as independent variable then x is dependent on y. Every function can be plotted on graph or more precisely Argand Plain. The graph of function may be a straight line, a continuous curve, a circle, an ellipse or even a point also. HISTORY OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA: Since origin of life, all people knew, talked, applied the concept of maxima and minima in their daily lives without even knowing about the concept of maxima and minima. In the earlier phase of time the kings used to estimate the maximum and minimum army of the opposite side, doctors used to record minimum and maximum symptom of any disease, cooks used to estimate the maximum and minimum quantity of food or people before any function, the businessmen used to estimate maximum and minimum profit or loss in any transaction. Even today also the women in the house prepare the food according to maximum or minimum consumption by each individual. Sir Issac Newton, a great scientist, invented the concept of functions and hence concept of maxima or minima. Since then his concepts are very usefully applicable in our daily lives. PRESENT TIME CONCEPTS OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA: The terms maxima and minima refer to extreme values of a function, that is, the maximum and minimum values that the function attains. Maximum means upper bound or largest possible quantity. The absolute maximum of a function is the largest number contained in the range of the function. That is, if f(a) is greater than or equal to f(x), for all x in the domain of the function, then f(a) is the absolute maximum. For example, the function f(x) = -162 + 32x + 6 has a maximum value of 22 occurring at x = 1. Every value of x produces a value of the function that is less than or equal to 22, hence, 22 is an absolute maximum. In terms of its graph, the absolute maximum of a function is the value of the function that corresponds to the highest point on the graph. Conversely, minimum means lower bound or least possible quantity. The absolute minimum of a function is the smallest number in its range and corresponds to the value of the function at the lowest point of its graph. If f(a) is less t han or equal to f(x), for all x in the domain of the function, then f(a) is an absolute minimum. As an example, f(x) = 322 32x 6 has an absolute minimum of -22, because every value of x produces a value greater than or equal to -22. In some cases, a function will have no absolute maximum or minimum. For instance the function f(x) = 1/x has no absolute maximum value, nor does f(x) = -1/x have an absolute minimum. In still other cases, functions may have relative (or local) maxima and minima. Relative means relative to local or nearby values of the function. The terms relative maxima and relative minima refer to the largest, or least, value that a function takes on over some small portion or interval of its domain. Thus, if f(b) is greater than or equal to f(b  ± h) for small values of h, then f(b) is a local maximum; if f(b) is less than or equal to f(b  ± h), then f(b) is a relative minimum. Finding the maxima and minima, both absolute and relative, of various functions represents an important class of problems solvable by use of differential calculus. The theory behind finding maximum and minimum values of a function is based on the fact that the derivative of a function is equal to the slope of the tangent. When the values of a function increase as the value of the independent variable increases, the lines that are tangent to the graph of the function have positive slope, and the function is said to be increasing. Conversely, when the values of the function decrease with increasing values of the independent variable, the tangent lines have negative slope, and the function is said to be decreasing. Precisely at the point where the function changes from increasing to decreasing or from decreasing to increasing, the tangent line is horizontal (has slope 0), and the derivative is zero (With reference to figure 1, the function is decreasing to the left of point A, as well a s between points B and C, and increasing between points A and B and to the right of point C). In order to find maximum and minimum points, first find the values of the independent variable for which the derivative of the function is zero, then substitute them in the original function to obtain the corresponding maximum or minimum values of the function. Second, inspect the behavior of the derivative to the left and right of each point. A wide variety of problems can be solved by finding maximum or minimum values of functions. For example, suppose it is desired to maximize the area of a rectangle inscribed in a semicircle. The area of the rectangle is given by A = 2xy. The semicircle is given by x2 + y2 = r2, for y à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0, where r is the radius. To simplify the mathematics, note that A and A2 are both maximum for the same values of x and y, which occurs when the corner of the rectangle intersects the semicircle, that is, when y2 = r2 x2. Thus, we must find a maximum value of the function A2 = 42(r2 -x2) = 4r2x2 44. The required condition is that the derivative be equal to zero, that is, d(A2)/dx = 8r2x 163 = 0. This occurs when x = 0 or when x = 1à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾2(r à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ +2 ). Clearly the area is a maximum when x = 1à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾2(r à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ +2 ). Substitution of this value into the equation of the semicircle gives y = 1à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾2(r à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ +2 ), that is, y = x. Thus, the max imum area of a rectangle inscribed in a semicircle is A = 2xy = r2. The problem of determining the maximum or minimum of function is encountered in geometry, mechanics, physics, and other fields, and was one of the motivating factors in the development of the calculus in the seventeenth century. Let us recall the procedure for the case of a function of one variable y=f(x). First, we determine points where f'(x)=0. These points are called critical points. At critical points the tangent line is horizontal. This is shown in the figure below. . The second derivative test is employed to determine if a critical point is a relative maximum or a relative minimum. If f()>0, then x is a relative minimum. If f() The notions of critical points and the second derivative test carry over to functions of two variables. Let z=f(x, y). Critical points are points in the xy-plane where the tangent plane is horizontal. Since the normal vector of the tangent plane at (x,y) is given by The tangent plane is horizontal if its normal vector points in the z direction. Hence, critical points are solutions of the equations: because horizontal planes have normal vector parallel to z-axis. The two equations above must be solved simultaneously. The Second Derivative Test for Functions of Two Variables How can we determine if the critical points found above are relative maxima or minima? We apply a second derivative test for functions of two variables. Let (x,y) be a critical point and define We have the following cases: If D>0 and (,).) If D>0 and (,).)>0, then f(x,y) has a relative minimum at ( ,).). If D If D=0, the second derivative test is inconclusive. Maxima and Minima in a Bounded Region Suppose that our goal is to find the global maximum and minimum of our model function above in the square -2 Relative extrema in the interior of the square. Relative extrema on the boundary of the square. Corner Points. We have already done step 1. There are extrema at (1, 0) and (-1, 0). The boundary of square consists of 4 parts. Side 1 is y=-2 and -2 The original function of 2 variables is now a function of x only. We set g'(x)=0 to determine relative extrema on Side 1. It can be shown that x=1 and x=-1 are the relative extrema. Since y=-2, the relative extrema on Side 1 are at (1,-2) and (-1,-2). On Side 2 (x=-2 and -2 We set h'(y)=0 to determine the relative extrema. It can be shown that y=0 is the only critical point, corresponding to (-2,0). We play the same game to determine the relative extrema on the other 2 sides. It can be shown that they are (2,0), (1,2), and (-1,2). Finally, we must include the 4 corners (-2,-2), (-2,2), (2,-2), and (2,2). In summary, the candidates for global maximum and minimum are (-1,0), (1,0), (1,-2), (-1,-2), (-2,0), (2,0), (1,2), (-1,2), (-2,-2), (-2,2), (2,-2), and (2,2). We evaluate f(x,y) at each of these points to determine the global max and min in the square. The global maximum occurs (-2,0) and (1,0). This can be seen in the figure above. The global minimum occurs at 4 points: (-1,2), (-1,-2), (2,2), and (2,-2). One of the great powers of calculus is in the determination of the maximum or minimum value of a function. Take f(x) to be a function of x. Then the value of x for which the derivative of f(x) with respect to x is equal to zero corresponds to a maximum, a minimum or an inflexion point of the function f(x). The derivative of a function can be geometrically interpreted as the slope of the curve of the mathematical function y(t) plotted as a function of t. The derivative is positive when a function is increasing toward a maximum, zero (horizontal) at the maximum, and negative just after the maximum. The second derivative is the rate of change of the derivative, and it is negative for the process described above since the first derivative (slope) is always getting smaller. The second derivative is always negative for a hump in the function, corresponding to a maximum. A critical point (x,y) of f is a point where both the partial derivatives of the functions vanish. A local maximum, or a local minimum, is a critical point. In one variable, local maxima and minima are the only `nondegenerate critical points. In two or more variables, other possibilities appear. For instance one has the saddle point, like the critical point of at (0; 0). In some directions this looks like a maximum, in other directions this looks like a minimum. We try to classify critical points by looking at the second derivatives. APPLICATIONS OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA IN DAILY LIFE: There are numerous practical applications in which it is desired to find the maximum or minimum value of a particular quantity. Such applications exist in economics, business, and engineering. Many can be solved using the methods of differential calculus described above. For example, in any manufacturing business it is usually possible to express profit as a function of the number of units sold. Finding a maximum for this function represents a straightforward way of maximizing profits. In other cases, the shape of a container may be determined by minimizing the amount of material required to manufacture it. The design of piping systems is often based on minimizing pressure drop which in turn minimizes required pump sizes and reduces cost. The shapes of steel beams are based on maximizing strength. Finding maxima or minima also has important applications in linear algebra and game theory. For example, linear programming consists of maximizing (or minimizing) a particular quantity while requiring that certain constraints be imposed on other quantities. The quantity to be maximized (or minimized), as well as each of the constraints, is represented by an equation or inequality. The resulting system of equations or inequalities, usually linear, often contains hundreds or thousands of variables. The idea is to find the maximum value of a particular variable that represents a solution to the whole system. A practical example might be minimizing the cost of producing an automobile given certain known constraints on the cost of each part, and the time spent by each laborer, all of which may be interdependent. Regardless of the application, though, the key step in any maxima or minima problem is expressing the problem in mathematical terms. Everything in this world is based on the concept of maxima and minima, every time we always calculate the maximum and minimum of every data. Now-a-days results are also based on the concepts of grades which is again based on the concept of maxima and minima.

open fracture of the radius :: essays research papers

Injury report: Open fracture of the Radius. A triathlon involves swimming, running and then biking a set track. A triathlete fell from his bike during training, due to the wet road. He landed awkwardly on his bike. His Radius was broken because he landed with his arm on the handle bars of the bike. The force at which he landed on the handle bars caused his Radius to break and pierce the skin. A cracked bone is called a fracture. Fractures are most likely to occur in the limb bones. (Radius and Ulna; Tibia and Fibula) Fractures are named according to the certain features which separate the different types of fracture. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Closed fracture. The bone is broken but the overlying skin surface is not damaged. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Open fracture. The broken ends of the bone have pierced the surface of the skin. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compound fracture. The fractured bone has caused other injuries, e.g. the rib may have penetrated the lung. The triathlete has an open fracture of the Radius. (Image 1) As can be seen in the above picture the Radius is a bone in the lower arm, on the same side of the arm as the thumb. As people when falling-outstretch their arms to break their fall-the radius may received several quite heavy blows. This may weaken the joints around the radius and may cause it to dislocate. The triathlete has landed on the side of his radius, and the radius has broken in half and has pierced the skin. This leaves the body vulnerable to infection and obviously isn’t pleasant for the triathlete. Below is an image of the femur and on it is labeled the different types of bone and where they may be found. The white hard bone on the outside is called the compact bone. On the inside of the shaft is the bone marrow. Inside the epipysis is the spongy bone. Surrounding the ends of the bone is cartilage which eases movement between bones. Osteo=Bone. The bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chondrin=Cartilage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Image 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Above is a diagram of the structure of a mature bone. It shows what each different part of the bone looks like under a microscope, and where those parts of bone are found. The top of this bone is called the head ( this also applies to the radius) The long, thin part of the bone that gives the bone its length is called the shaft Immediate first aid†¦ When bones are broken (The following must be done in a way that would prevent further injury) the immediate first aid is to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.

Non Biodegradable

Non-biodegradable waste made up roughly one-third of the municipal solid waste produced in the U. S. in 2009 (see References 1, page 6). The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends recycling whenever possible, and disposing of your trash at a combustion facility or in a landfill only when recycling is not possible (see References 1, page 11). Hazardous waste should be handled separately by your local sanitation department or by private companies that specialize in safe disposal of toxins (see References 2).Recycling Separate glass, plastic and metal from other non-biodegradable waste for recycling. Many urban and suburban areas have curbside recycling programs; if such a program is not available, take recyclable materials to the nearest collection facility for processing. Recycling saves space in landfills and reduces the amount of virgin materials that must be mined or manufactured to make new products, saving energy and reducing global climate change in the process. (See R eferences 3) CombustionSome non-biodegradable waste like used rubber tires and plastic can be burned at combustion facilities. Most of these facilities use the heat generated by incineration to make energy in the form of steam or electricity, which reduces their demand for other nonrenewable resources, including coal and petroleum. In 2009, combustion facilities burned 3. 1 million tons of solid waste, mostly used tires. Combustion of municipal waste also reduces the volume of trash that ends up in landfills. (See References 1, page 166) LandfillsLandfills provide long-term storage for non-biodegradable waste. Ideally, landfills are carefully situated to prevent contamination from entering surrounding soil and water, and managed to reduce odor and pests as much as possible. (See References 4) Federal regulations require careful monitoring in and around the site. Hazardous Waste Disposal Some products like motor oil, pesticides, batteries and paint are potentially hazardous to sanita tion workers and the general population as a whole.They are also more dangerous to the environment than inert materials like plastic or rubber. Many communities offer special collection and disposal programs to deal with household hazardous waste as safely as possible. In areas with no such programs, it's legal to dispose of household hazardous waste in the trash. Follow any special disposal instructions listed on the original container. Before doing so, however, contact the manufacturer or retailer of the material you need to dispose of to ask if they accept old materials for reuse or recycling.

International business climate Essay

There are various factors which are used in measuring the business climate of a nation and also globally. Some of these factors are energy costs, business income tax levels, market size, life’s quality, infrastructure, incentives, workforce availability and others. Globally, the investors are known to monitor the share prices of most business corporations in order to make an informed business on the companies or the market to invest in. According to Guy (2009)and Katsioloudes&Hadjidakis, (2007), business climate globally has been quite harsh on the investors. Some of the business rules in most countries are not conducive for the business climate. These are rules that are quite unstable, disloyal and the corruption is completely out of hand. During crisis, investors usually sell the shares that belong to the entire business in order to avoid losses. This hence affects the entire business adversely. According to the literature review that has been conducted on the international business climate, most multinational companies enjoy relationships and hence have merged in order to ensure competition. Most countries have a vast set of regulations and laws that do affect business operations. As Kirpalani (p. 114) asserts a country like the UK has very active monopoly policies. The monopoly commission plays a very vital role as far as mergers and takeovers are concerned. The UK law does permit the mergers commission and monopolies to investigate, block and delay all the proposed mergers that are not of public interest. Social factors also have a major influence on global business climate. Communities on global business climate are very keen on the way the company does utilize their income in order to support local people as far as destination economies are concerned. Their main interest is to see the local people engage in the foreign companies. They do expect all the multinational companies to be involved in some social activities for example helping the poor people. International business climate are also involved in conserving the environment as every business is going green. There are various government policies that do affect business activities. To ensure that there are low levels of pollution, governments should also establish those policies for example emissions standards. The political environment has set various laws and has aimed at reducing the corporate taxes in order to encourage some of the foreign investments in Africa and Asia (Scaffer et al, 2008). Most of the economies in the global international climate have also invested in effective communication facilities to enable business transactions. If we have to involve the issue of Switzerland in the international business climate we acknowledge the fact that just as the international climate has incorporated economic, cultural, legal as well as political issues so has Switzerland. One of the reasons that make Switzerland cope and suit in the international business climate is the fact that its legal climate is quite transparent and has regulations that are not discriminative. It has a legal system that governs the local and international business activities and stops anti- competitive behavior. Its political climate is effective and very stable. If we are to compare the international climate with that of Switzerland, it is patent that Switzerland’s international climate is better. Therefore, with that in mind there ought to be some recommendations for the international business climate. Switzerland happens to be one of the leading countries globally when it comes to the IT infrastructure. Some of the factors that do work in its favor comprise of issues like security, telecoms competition and government support. The official currency of Switzerland has remained to be Swiss Franc (CHF). It is one of the currencies that has always been used in the country and is quite strong as well as stable over many years. It is convertible and is not controlled by the government. It also has one of the best banking sectors in Switzerland and one of the biggest commercial bank. The communication systems in Swiss are vast and quite modern. Its domestic system comprises of an extensive cable as well as a microwave network. It has the best reputation when it comes to transportation as it has the most efficient and extensive public transportation globally. Its economy is the best and all the Swiss citizens are entitled to education. For those who are financially deprived, the government is responsible for paying their meals, transportation, books and other amenities. The citizens are free from other foreign country and are only subject to the laws of their country. Since it is not part of EU and UN, the government is also free from the outside regulations. Its tri level system of politics is effective since the country and state bodies are usually granted high control levels. The collegial system of Federal council contributes highly to its political stability. Switzerland economy is so effective and has mounted to be the global leading public and medical health infrastructures. It tops the list of all European countries despite the fact it is not a member of EU. As compared to the international business climate, culturally, there main priority has been protection of the environment. Their regulation standards are quite high and efficient making the industry grow at high rates. It is one of the vast and major exporters of both goods and services and a big supplier within Europe after Japan and USA. The climate of Switzerland is definitely what can be termed as pro business. Just like the international climate, it has also adopted a legislative act that promotes economic attractiveness for all businesses. It has created a wonderful appealing economy for business. They also have an advantage of a having high standards of production. Switzerland was ranked by the World Economic Global Competitiveness Report as the global’s most competitive economy (Ina, 2010). It has a sound environment, infrastructure, efficient market and a high technological innovation. The major laws that govern the foreign investment are the Swiss Code of obligations, Securities Law, Cartel Law and Lex Friedrich. Recommendations for International Business climate The international business climate is yet to be what can be termed as perfect. It is therefore the duty of each nation to make sure that everything is running smoothly. In most third world countries, the investors are always at risk. There ought to be firm laws governing each country and protecting businesses from being affected by inflation. Just like in Switzerland, nations need to improve on their efficiency, security and laws in order to have an appealing business climate. The political climate should also be enhanced into one that can accommodate business effectively. It is the duty of the legal system to make sure all social evils are cubed for example corruption in order for businesses to survive. There should be a strong relationship with other foreign countries in order for international trade to survive. Other laws should be introduced whose measures should include tax breaks as well as investment credits for the small companies. There should be strict safety environmental regulations and the government should also offer subsidies and a wonderful climate for businesses. Conclusion Though the international business climate is so much like that of Switzerland, Switzerland has one of the best business climates that are quite appealing. The international business climate should emulate Switzerland and aim to make their climate appealing. This can be done through adoption of laws that protect businesses, unification of all those who are concerned and eradication of all social evils like corruption.

How to Get Out of the Sophomore Slump

How to Get Out of the Sophomore Slump In your sophomore year in college? Feeling uninspired and unmotivated? You just might be in whats known as the college sophomore slump. For most students, its what happens during your second year of college: youre over the excitement of your first year but not close enough to graduating yet to be focusing on life after college. So whats a college student to do in the meantime? Take a Class for Fun You might be feeling slumpish because you are having to take tons of prereqs before you can get into the nice, meaty courses required for your major. Or you may not even be sure what to major in. Either way, add a little spice to your routine by taking a class just for fun. It can be yoga, ballet, an art class, or anything thats out of the ordinary for you. Join a New Club or Organization Your first year in school, you were probably so busy adjusting to life as a college student that your time management skills were shall we say less than stellar. But now that you know the ropes, join a new club or organization that will provide you with a creative outlet and something enjoyable to do each week. Get Involved in Student Government Even if youve never done student government before, see if you can represent your residence hall, your academic class, or even a constituency you belong to (like transfer students, for example). It can be a great way to keep you motivated to talk to other students, stay on top of current issues, and develop some leadership skills. (Not to mention that it looks good on your resume.) Volunteer on Campus No matter where you go to school, chances are that there is some kind of volunteer program you can join. See who needs volunteers this year and you just might end up motivating yourself along with others. Volunteer in the Local Community Maybe a change of scene is more whats needed. If so, see what volunteer options are available in your local community. Mentor First-year Students You just might be in the sophomore slump because you are doing well in college which means that perhaps you can be a good role model for incoming first-year students who need some guidance about adjusting to college life. See if your school has a mentoring program you can join and if not, see about starting one yourself! Get a Fun Job On Campus True, most students work in college for the money. But if you need to mix things up a little, this can be a great way to still get income while also enjoying yourself. Work in the campus coffee shop, at the theater, or in any other avenue that offers a fun, engaging environment. Get a Fun Job Off Campus Perhaps you do need a change of scene from your campus but dont have the time to volunteer. Try to combine both your financial needs and your need for change into an off-campus job that is interesting and something new. Get Involved Politically What are local politics like near your school? Can you volunteer on someones campaign? Join a national campaign for a person or an issue you care about? Become involved in a movement for a cause that is near and dear to your heart? Start Planning a Great Trip Sophomore year can be a little challenging because there often isnt one big thing to look forward to. So why not create your own highlight of the year? See what your options are for planning a fun trip over Thanksgiving break, winter break, spring break, or even a long weekend coming up. It just might do the trick of getting you out of your sophomore slump and back into your normal groove.

Laetoli - 3.5 Million Year Old Hominin Footprints

Laetoli - 3.5 Million Year Old Hominin Footprints Laetoli is the name of an archaeological site in northern Tanzania, where the footprints of three homininsancient human ancestors and most likely Australopithecus afarensiswere preserved in the ash fall of a volcanic eruption some 3.63-3.85 million years ago. They represent the oldest hominin footprints yet discovered on the planet.   The Laetoli footprints were discovered in 1976, eroding out of a gully of the Nagarusi river, by team members from Mary Leakeys expedition to the main Laetoli site. Local Environment Laetoli lies in the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa, near the Serengeti Plain and not far from Olduvai Gorge. Three and a half million years ago, the region was a mosaic of different ecotones: montane forests, dry and moist woodlands, wooded and unwooded grasslands, all within about 50 km (31 miles) of the footprints. Most Australopithecine sites are located within such regionsplaces with a wide variety of plants and animals nearby. The ash was wet when the hominins walked through it, and their soft print impressions have given scholars in-depth information about the soft tissue and gait of Australopithecines not available from skeletal material. The hominin prints are not the only footprints preserved in the wet ashfall: animals walking through the wet ash included elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses and a wide variety of extinct mammals. In all there are 16 sites with footprints in Laetoli, the largest of which has 18,000 footprints, representing 17 different families of animals within an area of about 800 square meters (8100 square feet). Laetoli Footprint Descriptions The Laetoli hominin footprints are arranged in two 27.5 meter (89 foot) long trails, created in moist volcanic ash which later hardened because of desiccation and chemical change. Three hominin individuals are represented, called G1, G2, and G3. Apparently, G1 and G2 walked side by side, and G3 followed along behind, stepping on some but not all of the 31 footprints of G2. Based on known ratios of the length of a bipedal foot versus hip height, G1, represented by 38 footprints, was the shortest individual of the three, estimated at 1.26 meters (4.1 feet) or less in height. Individuals G2 and G3 were largerG3 was estimated at 1.4 m (4.6 ft) tall. G2s steps were too obscured by G3s to estimate his/her height. Of the two tracks, G1s footprints are the best preserved; the track with footprints of both G2/G3 proved difficult to read, since they overlapped. A recent study (Bennett 2016) has allowed scholars to identify G3s steps apart from G2 more clearly, and reassess the hominin heightsG1 at 1.3 m (4.2 ft), G3 at 1.53 m (5 ft). Who Made Them? At least two sets of the footprints have been definitely linked to A. afarensis, because, like the fossils of afarensis, the Laetoli footprints do not indicate an opposable great toe. Further, the only hominin associated with Laetoli area at the time is A. afarensis. Some scholars have ventured to argue that the footprints are from an adult male and female (G2 and G3) and a child (G1); others say they were two males and a female. Three dimensional imaging of the tracks reported in 2016 (Bennett et al.) suggests that G1s foot had a different shape and depth of heel, a different hallux abduction and a different definition of the toes. They suggest three possible reasons; G1 is a different hominin from the other two; G1 walked at a different time from G2 and G3 when the ash was sufficiently different in texture, producing differently shaped impressions; or, the differences are a result of foot size / sexual dimorphism. In other words, G1 may have been, as others have argued, a child or a small woman of the same species. While there is some ongoing debate, most researchers believe that the Laetoli footprints show that our Australopithecine ancestors were fully bipedal, and walked in a modern manner, heel first, then toe. Although a recent study (Raichlen et al. 2008) suggests that the speed at which the footprints were made might affect the kind of gait required to make the marks; a later experimental study also led by Raichlen (2010) provides additional support for bipedalism at Laetoli. The Sadiman Volcano and Laetoli The volcanic tuff in which the footprints were made (called the Footprint Tuff or Tuff 7 at Laetoli) is a 12-15 centimeter (4.7-6 inches) thick layer of ash which fell on this region from the eruption of a nearby volcano. The hominins and a wide variety of other animals survived the eruptiontheir footprints in the muddy ash prove thatbut which volcano erupted has not been determined. Until relatively recently, the source of the volcanic tuff was thought to be the Sadiman volcano. Sadiman, located about 20 km (14.4 mi) southeast of Laetoli, is now dormant, but was active between 4.8 and 3.3 million years ago. A recent examination of outflows from Sadiman (Zaitsev et al 2011) showed that the geology of Sadiman does not fit perfectly with the tuff at Laetoli. In 2015, Zaitsev and colleagues confirmed that it was not Sadiman and suggested that the presence of nephelinite in Tuff 7 points to the nearby Mosonic volcano, but admit that there is not conclusive proof as of yet. Preservation Issues At the time of excavation, the footprints were buried between a few cm to 27 cm (11 in) deep. After excavation, they were reburied to preserve them, but the seeds of an acacia tree was buried within the soil and several acacias grew in the region to heights of over two meters before researchers noticed. Investigation showed that although those acacia roots did disturb some of the footprints, burying the footprints was overall a good strategy and did protect much of the trackway. A new conservation technique was begun in 1994 consisting of application of a herbicide to kill all the trees and brush, the placement of biobarrier mesh to inhibit root growth and then a layer of lava boulders. A monitoring trench was installed to keep an eye on the subsurface integrity. See Agnew and colleagues for additional information on the preservation activities. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Lower Paleolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Agnew N, and Demas M. 1998. Preserving the Laetoli foodprints. Scientific American 279(44-55). Barboni D. 2014. Vegetation of Northern Tanzania during the Plio-Pleistocene: A synthesis of the paleobotanical evidences from Laetoli, Olduvai, and Peninj hominin sites. Quaternary International 322–323:264-276. Bennett MR, Harris JWK, Richmond BG, Braun DR, Mbua E, Kiura P, Olago D, Kibunjia M, Omuombo C, Behrensmeyer AK et al. 2009. Early Hominin Foot Morphology Based on 1.5-Million-Year-Old Footprints from Ileret, Kenya. Science 323:1197-1201. Bennett MR, Reynolds SC, Morse SA, and Budka M. 2016. Laetoli’s lost tracks: 3D generated mean shape and missing footprints. Scientific Reports 6:21916. Crompton RH, Pataky TC, Savage R, DAoà »t K, Bennett MR, Day MH, Bates K, Morse S, and Sellers WI. 2012. Human-like external function of the foot, and fully upright gait, confirmed in the 3.66 million year old Laetoli hominin footprints by topographic statistics, experimental footprint-formation and computer simulation. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9(69):707-719. Feibel CS, Agnew N, Latimer B, Demas M, Marshall F, Waane SAC, and Schmid P. 1995. The Laetoli Hominid footprintsA preliminary report on the conservation and scientific restudy. Evolutionary Anthropology 4(5):149-154. Johanson DC, and White TD. 1979. A systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science 203(4378):321-330. Kimbel WH, Lockwood CA, Ward CV, Leakey MG, Rak Y, and Johanson DC. 2006. Was Australopithecus anamensis ancestral to A. afarensis? A case of anagenesis in the hominin fossil record. Journal of Human Evolution 51:134-152. Leakey MD, and Hay RL. 1979. Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil Beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Nature 278(5702):317-323. Raichlen DA, Gordon AD, Harcourt-Smith WEH, Foster AD, and Haas WR, Jr. 2010. Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal Biomechanics. PLoS ONE 5(3):e9769. Raichlen DA, Pontzer H, and Sockol MD. 2008. The Laetoli footprints and early hominin locomotor kinematics. Journal of Human Evolution 54(1):112-117. Su DF, and Harrison T. 2015. The paleoecology of the Upper Laetolil Beds, Laetoli Tanzania: A review and synthesis. Journal of African Earth Sciences 101:405-419. Tuttle RH, Webb DM, and Baksh M. 1991. Laetoli toes and Australopithecus afarensis. Human Evolution 6(3):193-200. Zaitsev AN, Spratt J, Sharygin VV, Wenzel T, Zaitseva OA, and Markl G. 2015. Mineralogy of the Laetolil Footprint Tuff: A comparison with possible volcanic sources from the Crater Highlands and Gregory Rift. Journal of African Earth Sciences 111:214-221. Zaitsev AN, Wenzel T, Spratt J, Williams TC, Strekopytov S, Sharygin VV, Petrov SV, Golovina TA, Zaitseva EO, and Markl G. 2011. Was Sadiman volcano a source for the Laetoli Footprint Tuff? Journal of Human Evolution 61(1):121-124.